Windows 7: Browsers Only Showing Some Images (Explorer, Firefox, Chrome, Opera)

I should preface this by saying that I apparently had a virus that wiped my partitions, which I then recovered through a disc-boot of Ubuntu to save my information. I followed that by reformatting (full reformat through disc, deleting and recreating partitions, not through factory image), and this issue has persisted throughout (even after the reformat).

Before the partitions were wiped, my browsers started acting funny. Namely, becoming a bit slow and selectively refusing to show images. I will show an image of what this looks like after explaining. I need this issue fixed because I can't actually do my school work or do my regular work (freelance art) without being able to see images.

After the reformat, this issue didn't change. All browsers are still selectively refusing to show images. They're always the same images they're refusing to show, but not ALL of them are not showing.

For Facebook, it won't load chat profile images at all, my own profile image at all, but will display everything in the newsfeed. It SOMETIMES displays stuff in the Theater viewer and sometimes doesn't want to (takes forever to load). On my actual Facebook profile, it displays my cover photo but not my profile photo, and in my albums, it displays some album covers but not others. And when clicking the actual album, it will display some images in the gallery but not most of them.

Examples:






These are two examples. Mind, this isn't occurring in Paint or Photoshop or any imaging program, only on my browsers. It's occurring on ALL browsers, although for some reason it's occurring less severely on Opera (which seems to run most images but have other bug problems such as not loading pages correctly that make me unable to use it).

I have no clue what's going on or how a full reformat didn't fix this issue.

Does anyone have any idea how to help?

Update:

I ran Linux through a disc and the images all work here. My friend had this input about it:

"My guess is that there was a virus that wrote itself to somewhere that didn't get wiped, like the boot sector, or to somewhere that was restored when you installed your browser."

How do you get rid of a virus like that?