I think my permissions are all screwed up

Is there some ways to fix or reset all the permissions on Windows 7? There's some odd issues such as when I create a new folder on my desktop, I feel that this folder shouldn't have under the "everyone" listing as being able to write, modify, etc. It has as many options checked as my, the owner has and administrators.

I've also been having issues where I can't even save anything into a folder from a program's save feature. Or simply moving a file from one directory to another prompts me to click "continue" after it warns me that "you need administrative privileges to continue this action"

I appreciate your excellent answer, thank you and I will try what you have mentioned above.