Computer works in safe mode. Restore/repair fail...help!

Have you tried a Clean Boot?
How to perform a clean boot to troubleshoot a problem in Windows 8, Windows 7, or Windows Vista

OK - I'll see if there are any other indicators in the CBS logs as well.

These seem to be the relevant background errors in the CBS log....

Code:

Line 7161: 2013-08-21 23:15:03, Error                 CSI    00000188 (F) c0000185 [Error,Facility=(system),Code=389 (0x0185)] #3700180# from Windows::Rtl::SystemImplementation::DirectFileSystemProvider::SysReadFile(h = a10 ("\Device\HarddiskVolume3\Windows\winsxs\amd64_microsoft-windows-w..wsupdateclient-core_31bf3856ad364e35_7.6.7600.256_none_d5f513f25190f276\wuaueng.dll"), evt = 0, apcr = NULL, apcc = NULL, iosb = @0xb2cd30, data = {l:0 b:}, byteoffset = 1703936 (0x00000000001a0000), key = (null))
 Line 7163: 2013-08-21 23:15:03, Error                 CSI    00000189@2013/8/22:06:15:03.911 (F) d:\win7sp1_gdr\base\wcp\sil\merged\ntu\ntsystem.cpp(2155): Error c0000185 [Error,Facility=(system),Code=389 (0x0185)] originated in function Windows::Rtl::SystemImplementation::DirectFileSystemProvider::SysReadFile expression: (null)
 Line 7165: 2013-08-21 23:15:11, Error                 CSI    0000018a (F) c0000185 [Error,Facility=(system),Code=389 (0x0185)] #3700179# from Windows::Rtl::SystemImplementation::CFile_IRtlFileTearoff::ReadFile(Flags = 3, Buffer = {l:0 ml:65536 b:}, Offset = 1703936 (0x00000000001a0000), Disposition = 0)[gle=0xd0000185]
 Line 10881: 2013-08-22 13:02:44, Error                 CSI    00000042 (F) STATUS_TOO_LATE #1203035# from Windows::Rtl::SystemImplementation::DirectRegistryProvider::SysOpenKey(flg = (AllowKeyNotFound|AllowAccessDenied), key = {provider=NULL, handle=0}, da = (KEY_READ|KEY_WOW64_64KEY), oa = @0x98cf50->OBJECT_ATTRIBUTES {s:48; rd:NULL; on:[114]"\Registry\Machine\COMPONENTS\DerivedData\VersionedIndex\6.1.7601.17592 (win7sp1_gdr.110408-1631)\ComponentFamilies"; a:(OBJ_CASE_INSENSITIVE)}, disp = Unmapped disposition: 10014448 (0x0098cef0))[gle=0xd0000189]
 Line 10882: 2013-08-22 13:02:44, Error                 CSI    00000043@2013/8/22:20:02:44.849 (F) d:\win7sp1_gdr\base\wcp\sil\merged\ntu\ntsystem.cpp(3676): Error STATUS_TOO_LATE originated in function Windows::Rtl::SystemImplementation::DirectRegistryProvider::SysOpenKey expression: (null)
 Line 10886: 2013-08-22 13:02:45, Error                 CSI    00000044 (F) STATUS_TOO_LATE #1203034# from Windows::Rtl::SystemImplementation::DirectRegistryProvider::SysOpenKey(flg = (AllowKeyNotFound), key = {provider=NULL, handle=0}, da = (KEY_READ|KEY_WOW64_64KEY), oa = @0x98cf50->OBJECT_ATTRIBUTES {s:48; rd:NULL; on:[114]"\Registry\Machine\COMPONENTS\DerivedData\VersionedIndex\6.1.7601.17592 (win7sp1_gdr.110408-1631)\ComponentFamilies"; a:(OBJ_CASE_INSENSITIVE)}, disp = Unmapped disposition: 10014836 (0x0098d074))[gle=0xd0000189]
 Line 10887: 2013-08-22 13:02:45, Error                 CSI    00000045@2013/8/22:20:02:45.270 (F) d:\win7sp1_gdr\base\wcp\sil\merged\ntu\ntsystem.cpp(3676): Error STATUS_TOO_LATE originated in function Windows::Rtl::SystemImplementation::DirectRegistryProvider::SysOpenKey expression: (null)
 Line 10891: 2013-08-22 13:02:45, Error                 CSI    00000046 (F) STATUS_TOO_LATE #1203033# from Windows::Rtl::SystemImplementation::CBufferedRegistryProvider::SysOpenKey(flg = (AllowKeyNotFound), key = {provider=NULL, handle=0}, da = (KEY_ALL_ACCESS), oa = @0x98d300->OBJECT_ATTRIBUTES {s:48; rd:NULL; on:[114]"\Registry\Machine\COMPONENTS\DerivedData\VersionedIndex\6.1.7601.17592 (win7sp1_gdr.110408-1631)\ComponentFamilies"; a:(OBJ_CASE_INSENSITIVE)}, disp = Unmapped disposition: 10016456 (0x0098d6c8))[gle=0xd0000189]
 Line 10892: 2013-08-22 13:02:45, Error                 CSI    00000047 (F) STATUS_TOO_LATE #1203032# from Windows::Rtl::SystemImplementation::CKey::OpenExistingKey(f = 3, da = (KEY_ALL_ACCESS), oa = @0x98d788, key = NULL, disp = 0)[gle=0xd0000189]
 Line 10893: 2013-08-22 13:02:45, Error                 CSI    00000048 (F) STATUS_TOO_LATE #1202990# from CCSDirectTransaction::OperateEnding at index 0 of 1 operations, disposition 0[gle=0xd0000189]

Please open an elevated Command Prompt, and run the following commands....

Code:

 
DIR C:\Windows\winsxs\amd64_microsoft-windows-w..wsupdateclient-core_31bf3856ad364e35_7.6.7600.256_none_d5f513f25190f276
REG QUERY HKLM\components\DerivedData\Components\amd64_microsoft-windows-w..wsupdateclient-core_31bf3856ad364e35_7.6.7600.256_none_d5f513f25190f276
.

post the results.

Here are some instructions to make life easier :)
1) To open an Elevated Command Prompt Window (the ECP window), click on Start, All Programs, Accessories – then right-click on Command Prompt, and select Run as Administrator. Accept the UAC prompt.
2) To run the commands easier, highlight the block of commands, and right-click on the highlight – select Copy. In the CP Window, click on the black/white icon at top left – select Paste. The commands will run but may not complete the last command, so hit the Enter Key once.
3) To copy the results... click on the Black/White icon in the top left, and select Edit... 'Select All', and hit the Enter key - then use Ctrl+V or r-click+Paste to paste it into your response.