Cannot Boot, OS Not in System Recovery Options

I'd recently done a system update and believe that some of it didn't install properly. After perusing and attempting various solutions, I think there are some problems with my boot manager (and maybe some other disk issues). When I try to repair using the Windows 7 disk, my System Recovery Options comes up and doesn't have an OS option available. When I select the 'Load Drivers' option I can see into my disk and see the Windows files and the like, so I assume this means it just isn't reading the installation correctly for some reason.
Without the install CD I'm getting the BOOTMGR is missing error, so I tried to follow this guide, but when I try the /rebuildbcd command I get the message that 0 Windows installations were identified. Kind of stuck on where to go next here, any help would be greatly appreciated!

It shows what to do when no OS is shown for repair in Step 7 of Troubleshooting Windows 7 Failure to Start.

Use the disk provided for your licensed OS to do the repairs in Step 6.

Ran into problems on most of these steps but used the Partition Wizard bootable to check out my drive and make sure anything I wanted was backed up elsewhere and just did a fresh install. Probably better/cleaner now anyway, thanks for providing the link gregrocker!

Can we see a screenshot of Disk Management - Post a Screen Capture Image?

I'm not sure what you mean by using PW to confirm everything was backed up? You'd only be able to Explore and not copy out data. Did you see the step mentioned twice in Troubleshooting Windows 7 Failure to Start for rescuiing any stranded data?

Did you also see and follow Clean Reinstall Windows 7 to make sure you get and keep a perfect install?

Sorry, didn't really explain initially, have a secondary drive where I keep most of my important files. Had just used PW to make sure that those all looked fine/were there, then powered down fully and unplugged second drive. Used Win7 disc to reinstall Windows 7, did updates, downloaded and ran Malwarebites. Will do a screenshot of my disk management screen a little later or after work tomorrow as the computer in question is now being used (shared with girlfriend). Didn't directly follow the install list, but looking at it now my process covered it. Will follow up with creating the system image and setting up some regular backups on that end to prevent any further headaches down the road.
As for the troubleshooting, went to step 6 and tried the bootrec commands, but no OS installation found. Moved on to bootsect commands and ran into an issue there as well (forgot the specifics, was trying to check my search history but not seeing it). Tried the sfc scannow piece and received "Windows Resource Protection could not start the repair service", then finally moved onto Partition Wizard. Of course at that point I realized that it probably wasn't worth my effort to save a few program installations that I could easily replace. At some point I remember trying to do some other restore process but my regback folder wasn't properly filled (only had the SAM folder), so probably some registry issues as well.