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Is it possible he hit one of the F keys and booted into a recovery mode by accident?
It's possible - depends what recovery options the oem put on there.
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Is there anyway to recover the files from the formatted disc or is he SOL?
You should be able to get some back - as long as they haven't been overwritten .
The Free Recuva (they do a portable version you can run off a flash - or run it from an external machine to avoid writing anything else to the HD ) is worth a try.
It has a deep scan mode for formatted drives.
Pandora is also a decent freebie - good for certain types of iles - see screenie in link below.
Paid apps. might be beter still. Easeus Data Recovery Wizard is also worth a go.
Recover Files After Format