If you want to record digital cable, you definitely need a cablecard from your provider. There are only three cablecard tuners manufacturers: Ceton, Hauppauge, and SiliconDust. The cablecard tuner is either external via usb or internal via pcie slot. The card is installed in the tuner. In order to watch while recording, you'll need a multi-stream tuner (but you'll still only need one cablecard).
I highly suggest you check out missingremote.com and the HTPC board at avsforum.com, because they are dedicated to HTPCs. Here's a link to get you started:
Guide CableCARD Tuner Essentials | Missing Remote
Be warned, however - the only software that you can use to watch and record digital cable when using a cablecard is Windows Media Center. So, if you are using XMBC or some other front-end for your HTPC, you'll have to switch to MCE when watching TV.
Again, check out the forums I recommended, because you'll find all the information you need, plus all the help you could ever want.