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#31
I'm not 100% certain because I've never tried it, but if you pop the heat shield off of the CPU and then X-Ray the die, someone skilled in the chip's architecture could probably tell if the CPU was overvolted.
Since semiconductor foundries routinely X-Ray and use electron microscopes on chips for QC purposes, I don't think it would be hard for someone at Intel or AMD to X-Ray a returned chip.
Now, whether they would really do it, I don't know, but they do have the tools at their disposal.