'uninstall program' only showing recently dl'ed files?

Hello and welcome Zach mate download and use Revo Uninstaller it is much more thorough than the Windows feature in my mind
Download Revo Uninstaller Freeware - Free and Full Download - Uninstall software, remove programs, solve uninstall problems < use the left hand listed download.

Zach I think you may have a problem there what you should get is like in my pic run these mate for elimination purposes.
https://www.sevenforums.com/tutorials/1538-sfc-scannow-command-system-file-checker.html
https://www.sevenforums.com/tutorials/433-disk-check.html
http://www.superantispyware.com/
http://www.malwarebytes.org/products/malwarebytes_free/
http://www.bleepingcomputer.com/download/adwcleaner/

download from bleeping computer – delete any rubbish these find.

Just ha another thought CCleaner also has an uninstaller it might be worth a try .
CCleaner - Download < download from piriform

Unfortunately, I think I know your problem. It happened to me several years back.

You had an app installed with a buggy un-installer. When it uninstalled itself, it deleted everything under HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Uninstall, not just itself. (As luck would have it,when it happened to me, it was shortly after i had created a disk image backup of my drive. Being able to revert my disk image and repeating the things i had done, allowed me to re-create the problem over-and-over till i finally determined with 100% certainty, it happened (for my case) by a bad uninstaller from yahoo for a "browser extra" . (i forget just what they called it at the time). In my case, it was definitely a Yahoo bug. Don't know about yours.

Do you have a disk image backup? If not, try a System Restore to fix the missing info in your registry.

/* EDIT */
p.s. I'll bet the only programs you now see installed, are recent installations? (Programs you installed AFTER registry deletion)