I've had this issue for a couple of days now. It probably happened when I tried to make a very short backwards jump in VLC (shift + left arrow) and my fingers slipped and I hit something else.
Now, no dialogue in any of the videos, just the background music. Audio options seem okay in VLC, and I also reset the settings completely. No help. Then I discovered it was happening all over the platform (QuickTime did it too).
I googled all over the place with no results. The dialogue comes back at random when I mess with unplugging the audio jack and putting it back in. Sometimes works, sometimes doesn't, sometimes I need to leave the audio jack half way out to hear the dialogue. Sometimes plugging the headphones in the front audio jack helps, sometimes not.
I discovered that the front jack was somehow set to 5.1 surround, but I reset it back to stereo. No help. Usually the issue happens when I open a file. File plays okay, I close it, re-open it, then it may or may not have dialogue.
Other way around too... doesn't play, doesn't, doesn't and then it does. Completely random.
It's frustrating as hell.
Using Windows 7 x64 bit Ultimate with headphones.