1. Depends on the files updated, but most service pack files update locations in WinSxS.
2. That folder contains the logging for migrating files from one machine to another, although some service pack update routines might use it.
3. This is way too many questions for one line item

.
- Shadow copies are stored on the disk as part of the cache for the volume shadow copy service (VSS)
- Not sure what you mean by "cache where we need to delete files" - if shadow copies are enabled, you can restore an existing file to a previous version (if a snapshot of one exists) in the file's properties, but once you physically delete a file it's gone (at least to Windows).
- Windows 7 creates lots of temporary files and folders, and so do many applications that run on the system (there are many ways to do this, so I'm not sure what kind of answer you're looking for, or even why this matters

)
- Unlike the old uninstall folders of XP, neither Windows or Office stores update backups this way anymore, and as such you can't just "delete" them. Office cleans up after itself (for the most part), and updating a service pack on Windows will leave you with a way to clean up old side-by-sides left behind once you're sure your system is running properly (using either dism or disk cleanup - tutorial
here).