update error 80070002 unable to fix

I think I've got it fixed :)

The problem now is whether I can get the replacement data uploaded properly.

....
I've uploaded a file - md5ad.zip - to my SkyDrive at Noel's SkyDrive
Please download and save it to your desktop.
Right-click on the file and select Extract All, and save to the default destination (which should be a folder on the desktop)

Create a new System Restore point

Open an Elevated Command Prompt, and run the following commands.

REN C:\Windows\System32\config\COMPONENTS COMPONENTS.OLD1
COPY %userprofile%\desktop\md5ad\COMPONENTS C:\Windows\System32\config

If you get an error with either command, STOP THERE - do not reboot! - post for instructions.

Assuming both commands go OK, reboot, and run another SFC /SCANNOW and post the new CBS.log file - hopefully it will complete properly now.

There are still problems with the registry...

Code:

2014-02-22 09:12:41, Info                  CBS    Disabling manifest caching, because the image is not writeable.
2014-02-22 09:12:41, Error                 CSI    00000008 (F) STATUS_OBJECT_NAME_NOT_FOUND #16760# from Windows::Rtl::SystemImplementation::DirectRegistryProvider::SysOpenKey(flg = (AllowAccessDenied), key = {provider=NULL, handle=0}, da = (KEY_READ|DELETE|KEY_WOW64_64KEY), oa = @0xbed460->OBJECT_ATTRIBUTES {s:48; rd:NULL; on:[322]"\Registry\Machine\{bf1a281b-ad7b-4476-ac95-f47682990ce7}GLOBALROOT/Device/HarddiskVolumeShadowCopy17/Windows/System32/config/COMPONENTS\DerivedData\VersionedIndex\6.1.7601.17592 (win7sp1_gdr.110408-1631)\ComponentFamilies\x86_microsoft-windows-i..onal-codepage-21027_31bf3856ad364e35_none_17b75aa8529adfac\v!6\u00ae1.7600.16385"; a:(OBJ_CASE_INSENSITIVE)}, disp = Unmapped disposition: 12506112 (0x00bed400))[gle=0xd0000034]
2014-02-22 09:12:41, Error                 CSI    00000009@2014/2/22:14:12:41.244 (F) d:\win7sp1_gdr\base\wcp\sil\merged\ntu\ntsystem.cpp(3676): Error STATUS_OBJECT_NAME_NOT_FOUND originated in function Windows::Rtl::SystemImplementation::DirectRegistryProvider::SysOpenKey expression: (null)
[gle=0x80004005]
2014-02-22 09:12:43, Error                 CSI    0000000a (F) STATUS_OBJECT_NAME_NOT_FOUND #16759# from Windows::Rtl::SystemImplementation::DirectRegistryProvider::SysOpenKey(flg = 0, key = {provider=NULL, handle=0}, da = (KEY_READ|DELETE|KEY_WOW64_64KEY), oa = @0xbed460->OBJECT_ATTRIBUTES {s:48; rd:NULL; on:[322]"\Registry\Machine\{bf1a281b-ad7b-4476-ac95-f47682990ce7}GLOBALROOT/Device/HarddiskVolumeShadowCopy17/Windows/System32/config/COMPONENTS\DerivedData\VersionedIndex\6.1.7601.17592 (win7sp1_gdr.110408-1631)\ComponentFamilies\x86_microsoft-windows-i..onal-codepage-21027_31bf3856ad364e35_none_17b75aa8529adfac\v!6\u00ae1.7600.16385"; a:(OBJ_CASE_INSENSITIVE)}, disp = Unmapped disposition: 12507176 (0x00bed828))[gle=0xd0000034]
2014-02-22 09:12:43, Error                 CSI    0000000b@2014/2/22:14:12:43.350 (F) d:\win7sp1_gdr\base\wcp\sil\merged\ntu\ntsystem.cpp(3676): Error STATUS_OBJECT_NAME_NOT_FOUND originated in function Windows::Rtl::SystemImplementation::DirectRegistryProvider::SysOpenKey expression: (null)
[gle=0x80004005]
2014-02-22 09:12:43, Error                 CSI    0000000c (F) STATUS_OBJECT_NAME_NOT_FOUND #16758# from Windows::Rtl::SystemImplementation::CKey::OpenExistingKey(f = 2, da = (KEY_READ|DELETE), oa = @0xbed8c0, key = NULL, disp = (null))[gle=0xd0000034]
2014-02-22 09:12:43, Error                 CSI    0000000d (F) STATUS_OBJECT_NAME_NOT_FOUND #16753# from Windows::Rtl::SystemImplementation::CKey::DeleteRecursively(...)[gle=0xd0000034]
2014-02-22 09:12:43, Error                 CSI    0000000e (F) STATUS_OBJECT_NAME_NOT_FOUND #333# from Windows::Rtl::SystemImplementation::CKey::DeleteRecursively(...)[gle=0xd0000034]
2014-02-22 09:12:43, Error                 CBS    Failed to get offline CSI store. [HRESULT = 0x80070002 - ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND]

This appears to be from a Shadow Copy rather than the one in current use.
Unfortunately that's about the only pertinent data in that log.

Please upload the entire CBS folder (compressed) so I can see what else has happened.

SFC did indeed complete properly - and fixed a couple of problems along the way...

Code:

 Line 48208: 2014-02-22 08:36:11, Info                  CSI    00000355 [SR] Repairing 2 components
 Line 48209: 2014-02-22 08:36:11, Info                  CSI    00000356 [SR] Beginning Verify and Repair transaction
 Line 48210: 2014-02-22 08:36:11, Info                  CSI    00000357 [SR] Repairing corrupted file [ml:520{260},l:46{23}]"\??\C:\Windows\System32"\[l:18{9}]"C_708.NLS" from store
 Line 48211: 2014-02-22 08:36:11, Info                  CSI    00000358 [SR] Repairing corrupted file [ml:48{24},l:46{23}]"\??\C:\Windows\SysWOW64"\[l:18{9}]"C_708.NLS" from store
 Line 48222: 2014-02-22 08:36:12, Info                  CSI    0000035a [SR] Repair complete

It didn't find anything significant that it couldn't fix. :)

Have you now managed to get all updates installed?

Please confirm that KB QuickBooks is trying to install - KB 893903??
If so, it must be a VERY old version of QB, since that KB predates Vista. Try installing it in Compatibility Mode for XP.

What error code do you get installing KB2835364??

I don't wish to butt in but I use Reckon Accounting which is made by the same company that makes Quickbooks & it is always very fiddly to get it installed & activated.
As Noel mentioned you may have an old version of Quickbooks, so have you considered buying the latest version, which may overcome the KB 893903 problem.