Please post your CheckSUR logs - I suspect that they'll show at least a clue to the problem.
=================================
Checking System Update Readiness.
Binary Version 6.1.7601.22471
Package Version 25.0
2014-09-08 18:41
Checking Windows Servicing Packages
Checking Package Manifests and Catalogs
Checking Package Watchlist
Checking Component Watchlist
Checking Packages
Checking Component Store
Summary:
Seconds executed: 454
No errors detected
That surprises me in view of these errors in your CBS.log...
Code:
2014-09-08 18:19:55, Error CBS SPI: (CheckForPendingFlag:90)Failed to open component hive at C:\Windows\System32\config\components er=0x0
2014-09-08 18:19:55, Error CBS SPI: (SPIRegQueryDWORDValue:413)Failed to query registry value: ComponentsRemoved er=0x2
Code:
2014-09-08 18:31:15, Info CBS Appl: Selfupdate, Component: x86_microsoft-windows-minkernelapinamespace_31bf3856ad364e35_0.0.0.0_none_2e8be5a3c3fa2f72 (6.1.7601.22209), elevation:3, lower version revision holder: 6.1.7600.17206
2014-09-08 18:31:15, Info CBS Appl: Selfupdate, Component: x86_microsoft-windows-minkernelapinamespace_31bf3856ad364e35_0.0.0.0_none_2e8be5a3c3fa2f72 (6.1.7601.22209), elevation:17, lower version revision holder: 6.1.7600.17206
2014-09-08 18:31:15, Info CBS WatchList: Add package Package_2_for_KB2790113~31bf3856ad364e35~amd64~~6.1.1.1.2790113-4_neutral_LDR to re-evaluation(install) due to the change on Component Family: x86_microsoft-windows-minkernelapinamespace_31bf3856ad364e35_0.0.0.0_none_2e8be5a3c3fa2f72, Version: 6.1.7600.16385, change: (Owner: Microsoft-Windows-Client-Features-Package~31bf3856ad364e35~amd64~~6.1.7600.16385.Microsoft-Windows-Client-Features-Update, Flag: 128, Action: 4)
2014-09-08 18:31:15, Error CBS Failed. Attempted to uninstall a version of a non-driver component that is not installed, version: 0X600011db04001, component: x86_microsoft-windows-mail-core-dll_31bf3856ad364e35_6.1.7600.16385_none_585517a9869db81d, owner: Microsoft-Windows-Client-Features-Package~31bf3856ad364e35~amd64~~6.1.7600.16385.Microsoft-Windows-Client-Features-Update [HRESULT = 0x80004005 - E_FAIL]
2014-09-08 18:31:15, Info CBS Failed to mergecomponent [HRESULT = 0x80004005 - E_FAIL]
2014-09-08 18:31:15, Info CBS ComponentAnalyzerUninstallDeployment: Failed on update: Microsoft-Windows-Client-Features-Update [HRESULT = 0x80004005 - E_FAIL]
2014-09-08 18:31:15, Info CBS Failed to execute item[0] in Package: Microsoft-Windows-Client-Features-Package~31bf3856ad364e35~amd64~~6.1.7600.16385, Update: Microsoft-Windows-Client-Features-Update [HRESULT = 0x80004005 - E_FAIL]
2014-09-08 18:31:15, Info CBS Failed to execute execution update. [HRESULT = 0x80004005 - E_FAIL]
Do you perhaps have a hack installed to be able to use Windows Mail (from Vista) in Win7?