The error indicates a corrupt WINSXS store - but CheckSUR hasn't found anything.
Here's the detail of the error message.
Code:
Stage (1): flags: 8 app: [microsoft.visualbasic.compatibility.data.resources, Version = 6.1.7601.18523, pA = PROCESSOR_ARCHITECTURE_MSIL (8), Culture = [l:10{5}]"nl-nl", VersionScope neutral, PublicKeyToken = {l:8 b:b03f5f7f11d50a3a}, Type neutral, TypeName neutral, PublicKey neutral]) comp: (null) man: @0x65d0e18
2014-10-07 11:58:40, Error CSI 000003c5@2014/10/7:09:58:40.875 (F) d:\win7sp1_gdr\base\wcp\componentstore\installmap.cpp(620): Error STATUS_SXS_COMPONENT_STORE_CORRUPT originated in function InstallMap::CRawInstallMap::GetComponentWinningVersion expression: (null)
[gle=0x80004005]
2014-10-07 11:58:54, Error CSI 000003c6 (F) STATUS_SXS_COMPONENT_STORE_CORRUPT #661253# from CCSDirectTransaction::OperateEnding at index 22 (0x0000000000000016) of 171 (0x00000000000000ab) operations, disposition 0[gle=0xd015001a]
2014-10-07 11:58:57, Error CSI 000003c7 (F) HRESULT_FROM_WIN32(14098) #650902# from Windows::ServicingAPI::CCSITransaction::ICSITransaction2_AddComponents(Flags = 4, a = @0x44d2850, mp = @0x44d3050, disp = 0)[gle=0x80073712]
2014-10-07 11:58:57, Info CBS Failed to add one or more component [HRESULT = 0x80073712 - ERROR_SXS_COMPONENT_STORE_CORRUPT]
2014-10-07 11:58:57, Error CBS Failed to complete component closure [HRESULT = 0x80073712 - ERROR_SXS_COMPONENT_STORE_CORRUPT]
2014-10-07 11:58:57, Info CSI 000003c8@2014/10/7:09:58:57.426 CSI Transaction @0x3a9e80 destroyed
2014-10-07 11:58:57, Info CBS Perf: Resolve chain complete.
This appears to be the result of an Access Denied state when querying the registry for the status of part of the error message - such problems are often due to bitflips and can be almost undetectable (think of a one-bit error in a 40Megabyte file and how impossible it's going to be to find it)
I am prepared to have a look and see if I can find it - otherwise your best hope is likely to be a repair install...
I need to have a look at your COMPONENTS registry hive
Please copy the C:\Windows\System32\config\COMPONENTS file (no extension) to your desktop and then compress it - upload the compressed file to your favoured fileshare site (preferably Dropbox or OneDrive) and post a link.