I connected my harddrives to Intel SATA ports and installed the Intel SATA driver last night. Successful boot this morning. Unless I suffer another failure I'll check back in a week or two to consider this issue solved.
In advance, thanks to gregrocker, Britton30 and TVeblen for taking the time to help me out.
It's been a week free from boot problems, startup repairs and Windows reinstallations, and I'm ready to consider this problem finally solved though It'll probably still be a while before I stop glancing at the Windows loading screen with trepidation.
Looking back at this, I think something that sidetracked my own investigations was the fact that the problems presented themselves after formatting the old system partition that the computer had kept booting from. At this point I had already been running Windows off of the SSD connected to the Marvell controller for a year without any problems whatsoever.
A potential solution that went untested was whether or not using proper drivers for the Marvell controller would have worked. I should of course have had them installed from the start. I'm usually diligent with having the latest drivers, but this one slipped through the cracks for some reason.
Thanks again to everyone involved.
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