How could you close,open-unused ports?

From a security viewpoint, I would close everything you aren't using right now, and just open specifically what you know you need, the bare minimum you actually use and nothing more.

Generally, you should distinguish the "direction" of the communication. You can have incoming connections, where other PC's "call" yours and outgoing, where you establish a connection with someone else. Both are important, but generally, in a regular home or office PC, the average user does a lot of outgoing connections (web browsing, email, MSN) and accept almost no incoming connections (file sharing on local network typically, and almost nothing from internet).

A firewall is possibly the best line of defense against all of those, so that it blocks all ports and programs that aren't used (so no one can "call home"). Routers are very good at stopping incoming connections from internet to the local network, and software firewalls are good for unwanted outgoing ones.

A router does incoming blocking more or less automatically, as from outside your network no one can see your PC unless explicitly allowed (which is disabled by default).

For outgoing connections, you have to use a firewall preferably. That way you can select what ports, and which programs can use them, in both directions. Each one is different in the exact steps to setup the rules, but the basics are the same. Windows itself includes a firewall that does a good job, you may see a couple of tutorials about it in the forum, or just choose for another third party one.

Which ports you need to open and in which direction is very dependent on which programs do you use. You have to search each one documentation's for which port to open. For example, web browsers use ports 80 and 443 for HTTP and HTTPS, mail clients 25/110/995, Windows file share use 137, 138 and 139. In any case, be sure to allow only that program on the firewall, so anything else cannot use that hole for its own purposes.

How much data is transfered is easy, just open task manager and the network tab shows that. You may need to add the columns though the view menu => select columns => tick bytes received and bytes sent.

First, NOTHING can do your system bulletproof, going online implies some risks always and at most you can aim at reducing those. To be 100% secure from anything, you have to leave your computer turned off

I see that you're using Windows Firewall. You probably need to properly configure it to your needs. By default, it's configured to be easy to use, that is, very insecure, as it opens a lot of incoming ports for I don't know what purposes and does NOT block anything outgoing.
Open the advanced firewall settings (look for "firewall with advanced security" in start menu search) and there you can find both the incoming and outgoing rules that actually apply, to fine tune them to your particular usage.

My personal preference is to begin with everything blocked (configure to block all except rules allowing it). That way you're effectively off the internet. Then selectively open ports one by one so your programs begin working again. While this is hard to do by hand and you need to know what are you doing, it gives you optimal security if you have the patience. In particular, I don't know any of the services you're naming. And if you don't know them neither, probably you're not using them, so it would be a good idea to block them until something breaks.