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#11
Adding the Microsoft sites to the Trusted Sites Zone is what resolved the updating issue.
Changing the DNS server address has nothing to do with Windows Updates, it's related to one's Internet Service Provider's settings.
Microsoft Knowledge Base articles that include instructions for adding the update sites to the Trusted Sites Zone do not include any steps to change the DNS server address.
See Method E: Add the Windows Update Web site and the Microsoft Update Web site to the Trusted Sites list in this KB - You may encounter temporary connection-related errors when you use Windows Update or Microsoft Update to install updates
and, although this KB is somewhat outdated, see Add the Windows Update Web site and the Microsoft Update Web site to the list of trusted sites in this KB - How to troubleshoot problems connecting to Windows Update or to Microsoft Update