KB2930275 errors out, code 80073718b

That's as it should be - perhaps the problem is in the registry, or in the various hardlinks?
Please run the following commands and post the results....

Code:

 
DIR C:\Windows\*hydrangea* /S
DIR C:\Windows\*hydrangea* /S /AL
type C:\Windows\winsxs\manifests\wow64_microsoft-windows-photosamples_31bf3856ad364e35_6.1.7600.16385_none_fdc2b8b7cfe104b9.manifest
 
.

Here are some instructions to make life easier :)
1) To open an Elevated Command Prompt Window (the ECP window), click on Start, All Programs, Accessories – then right-click on Command Prompt, and select Run as Administrator. Accept the UAC prompt.
2) To run the commands easier, highlight the block of commands, and right-click on the highlight – select Copy. In the CP Window, click on the black/white icon at top left – select Paste. The commands will run but may not complete the last command, so hit the Enter Key once.
3) To copy the results... click on the Black/White icon in the top left, and select Edit... 'Select All', and hit the Enter key - then use Ctrl+V or r-click+Paste to paste it into your response.

That all looks normal to me.

It's a mystery that may never be solved - I don't think it's likely to affect anything so we'll move on and come back to it later.

Back to your COMPONENTS files...
Here's the list of errors from the CheckSUR log

Code:

Checking Package Manifests and Catalogs
(w) CBS Catalog Expired 0x800B0101 servicing\Packages\Package_11_for_KB2729094~31bf3856ad364e35~amd64~~6.1.1.0.cat  
(w) CBS Catalog Expired 0x800B0101 servicing\Packages\Package_for_KB2732500_SP1~31bf3856ad364e35~amd64~~6.1.1.0.cat  
Checking Package Watchlist
Checking Component Watchlist
Checking Packages
Checking Component Store
(w) CSI Catalog Expired 0x800B0101 winsxs\Catalogs\e2ec682979dc317a2da0633e4bedd937bd50ee199068a760505f78cb74779557.cat dae81493f6a..3c05ace4e2e_31bf3856ad364e35_6.1.7600.17057_8b6e27ac16c86bcb 
(f) CSI Missing Winning Component Key 0x00000000 msil_system.data.sqlxml.resources_b77a5c561934e089_6.1.7601.18156_en-us_06d45a7b33f88f26  
(f) CSI Missing Winning Component Key 0x00000000 msil_system.data.sqlxml_b77a5c561934e089_6.1.7601.18156_none_05d86c68619fbb7b  
(f) CSI Missing Winning Component Key 0x00000000 msil_system.xml.resources_b77a5c561934e089_6.1.7601.18156_en-us_4ba6e530dcb5fd84  
(f) CSI Missing Winning Component Key 0x00000000 amd64_netfx-system.xml_b03f5f7f11d50a3a_6.1.7601.18156_none_6155a31a3c26f410  
(f) CSI Missing Winning Component Key 0x00000000 msil_system.xml_b77a5c561934e089_6.1.7601.18156_none_5600582e05f2d003  
(f) CSI Missing Winning Component Key 0x00000000 amd64_netfx-system.data.sqlxml_b03f5f7f11d50a3a_6.1.7601.18156_none_141ef12023ae4228  
(f) CSI Missing Winning Component Key 0x00000000 msil_system.configuration_b03f5f7f11d50a3a_6.1.7601.18156_none_ff849cf0f35ba2cc  
(f) CSI Missing Winning Component Key 0x00000000 amd64_netfx-system.configuration_b03f5f7f11d50a3a_6.1.7601.18156_none_353dc22bc8a66817  
(f) CSI Missing Winning Component Key 0x00000000 msil_system.configuration.resources_b03f5f7f11d50a3a_6.1.7601.18156_en-us_2d39be3be40b9d09

Back later with the amended COMPONENTS file.

I've uploaded a new file - sp1ae - please swap that in for the existing COMPONENTS file

Once in, please reboot, then run the following update.
Microsoft Security Advisory: Compatibility issues affecting signed Microsoft binaries: November 13, 2012
which should hopefully solve the expired catalog problems.
Run a new CheckSUR and post the new CheckSUR.log file

Hmm - OK - carry on with the CheckSUR anyhow while I see what else I can find.

Here's the new error list (without the expired catalogs)

Code:

(f) CSI C Mark Deployment Missing 0x00000000 c!2c6009796e7..c281238aab4_b77a5c561934e089_6.1.7601.18156_eaf8b29c03d51423 msil_system.data.sqlxml.resources_b77a5c561934e089_6.1.7601.18156_en-us_06d45a7b33f88f26 
(f) CSI C Mark Deployment Missing 0x00000000 c!f5d1c2b0b65..65fad2ee4b6_b77a5c561934e089_6.1.7601.18156_66c50fad3781bc7b msil_system.data.sqlxml_b77a5c561934e089_6.1.7601.18156_none_05d86c68619fbb7b 
(f) CSI C Mark Deployment Missing 0x00000000 c!e203d164d9c..0bc9f7b4917_b77a5c561934e089_6.1.7601.18156_e72a6cf26bdf8037 msil_system.xml.resources_b77a5c561934e089_6.1.7601.18156_en-us_4ba6e530dcb5fd84 
(f) CSI C Mark Deployment Missing 0x00000000 c!2999a86d703..bd93d992098_b03f5f7f11d50a3a_6.1.7601.18156_9ca3b3d20cfa16b6 amd64_netfx-system.xml_b03f5f7f11d50a3a_6.1.7601.18156_none_6155a31a3c26f410 
(f) CSI C Mark Deployment Missing 0x00000000 c!97c..067e14888bd_b77a5c561934e089_6.1.7601.18156_9efd162bad83ff6c msil_system.xml_b77a5c561934e089_6.1.7601.18156_none_5600582e05f2d003 
(f) CSI C Mark Deployment Missing 0x00000000 c!14994dbd10a..b1967dcfdcf_b03f5f7f11d50a3a_6.1.7601.18156_65be014578c8ee31 amd64_netfx-system.data.sqlxml_b03f5f7f11d50a3a_6.1.7601.18156_none_141ef12023ae4228 
(f) CSI C Mark Deployment Missing 0x00000000 c!c38b31be0ef..4a1a21a06ad_b03f5f7f11d50a3a_6.1.7601.18156_2b5e227b2cb7ff78 msil_system.configuration_b03f5f7f11d50a3a_6.1.7601.18156_none_ff849cf0f35ba2cc 
(f) CSI C Mark Deployment Missing 0x00000000 c!microsoft-w..-deployment_31bf3856ad364e35_6.1.7600.16385_36fbddf90eee0d25 amd64_netfx-system.configuration_b03f5f7f11d50a3a_6.1.7601.18156_none_353dc22bc8a66817 
(f) CSI C Mark Deployment Missing 0x00000000 c!622d1c57b15..15b1289ee56_b03f5f7f11d50a3a_6.1.7601.18156_1884173a11a512f0 msil_system.configuration.resources_b03f5f7f11d50a3a_6.1.7601.18156_en-us_2d39be3be40b9d09

I want to check my reasoning, so I'll just attempt one of the corrections first.

Please ensure that you rename the current COMPONENTS file to COMPONENTS.NEW2 before replacing it with the new file - that way if I've messed up we have somewhere to go :)

I've uploaded the new hive as sp1af.zip - swap the hive into the usual place, and run a
new CheckSUR and post the result.