The only relevant error I can find is in the CBSPersist log...
Code:
2014-06-25 20:17:58, Info CBS Exec: Resolving Package: Microsoft-Windows-InternetExplorer-Optional-Package~31bf3856ad364e35~amd64~en-US~8.0.7601.17514, Update: Internet-Explorer-Optional-amd64, PinDeployment: amd64_microsoft-windows-i..oyment-languagepack_31bf3856ad364e35_8.0.7601.17514_en-us_ef9729155c0ba97b
2014-06-25 20:17:58, Error CSI 0000000c@2014/6/26:00:17:58.751 (F) d:\win7sp1_gdr\base\wcp\componentstore\csd_locking.cpp(324): Error STATUS_SXS_ASSEMBLY_MISSING originated in function CCSDirectTransaction::LockComponent expression: (null)
[gle=0x80004005]
2014-06-25 20:17:59, Error CSI 0000000d (F) STATUS_SXS_ASSEMBLY_MISSING #254812# from CCSDirectTransaction::OperateEnding at index 0 of 1 operations, disposition 2[gle=0xd015000c]
2014-06-25 20:17:59, Error CSI 0000000e (F) HRESULT_FROM_WIN32(ERROR_SXS_ASSEMBLY_MISSING) #254697# from Windows::ServicingAPI::CCSITransaction::ICSITransaction_PinDeployment(Flags = 0, a = Microsoft-Windows-InternetExplorer-Optional-Deployment-LanguagePack, Version = 8.0.7601.17514, pA = PROCESSOR_ARCHITECTURE_AMD64 (9), Culture = [l:10{5}]"en-US", VersionScope = 1 nonSxS, PublicKeyToken = {l:8 b:31bf3856ad364e35}, Type neutral, TypeName neutral, PublicKey neutral, cb = (null), s = (null), rid = [128]"Microsoft-Windows-InternetExplorer-Optional-Package~31bf3856ad364e35~amd64~en-US~8.0.7601.17514.Internet-Explorer-Optional-amd64", rah = (null), manpath = (null), catpath = (null), ed = 0, disp = 0)[gle=0x80073701]
2014-06-25 20:17:59, Info CBS Failed to pin deployment while resolving Update: Internet-Explorer-Optional-amd64 from file: (null) [HRESULT = 0x80073701 - ERROR_SXS_ASSEMBLY_MISSING]
2014-06-25 20:17:59, Info CBS Failed to resolve item[0] in Package: Microsoft-Windows-InternetExplorer-Optional-Package~31bf3856ad364e35~amd64~en-US~8.0.7601.17514, Update: Internet-Explorer-Optional-amd64 [HRESULT = 0x80073701 - ERROR_SXS_ASSEMBLY_MISSING]
2014-06-25 20:17:59, Info CBS Failed to resolve execution update. [HRESULT = 0x80073701 - ERROR_SXS_ASSEMBLY_MISSING]
2014-06-25 20:17:59, Error CBS Failed to resolve execution package: Microsoft-Windows-InternetExplorer-Optional-Package~31bf3856ad364e35~amd64~en-US~8.0.7601.17514 [HRESULT = 0x80073701 - ERROR_SXS_ASSEMBLY_MISSING]
2014-06-25 20:17:59, Info CSI 0000000f@2014/6/26:00:17:59.703 CSI Transaction @0x224bfe0 destroyed
I think this is caused by registry corruption.
I need to have a look at your COMPONENTS registry hive
Please copy the C:\Windows\System32\config\COMPONENTS file (no extension) to your desktop and then compress it - upload the compressed file to your favoured fileshare site (preferably Dropbox or OneDrive) and post a link.