Windows can not check for updates error code 800B0100

CheckSUR can take a while - I've known it take up to 5hours!

be patient

Hmm - sounds like corruption in the OS itself, rather than a bad download
post the CBS folder anyhow - there should be enough data there to be useful.

Probably - either delete the older CBSPersist cab files before attaching to a reply, or upload the entire folder to a fileshare service (preferably DropBox or OneDrive) and post a link

You appear to have a huge amount of corruption - CheckSUR found over 400 errors and corrected around half of them, and SFC found another 4 problems relating to the Windows Update Agent.

I suspect that your best option is a repair install, as with this amount of corruption, a manual repair may well not fix things completely.
See the instructions here... Repair Install

With any luck, yes.
As always, make sure you have good backups to external media first.