Tried to install Service Pack 1, now I'm getting various errors

You haven't followed the instructions -
Check the results of the DIR commands and use that

You're doing that from a normal boot!
You MUST boot to the Repair Environment as described.

NoelDP said:

You're doing that from a normal boot!
You MUST boot to the Repair Environment as described.

Well, the start up I have comes up in Spanish but there are also no option at the top that says to repair the computer. There are 3 forms of safe mode at the top and then various other options on the bottom for things like boot-logging, lower resolution, and similar things but nothing for repairing.

EDIT: I figured out the way to reactivate the Repair Computer option. When I go into it and pick to do the startup repair it just keeps staying on the screen and doesn't even load anything, however starting Windows normally works just fine.

In that case you either need to create a repair disk, or use a full Install disk, to get the same functionality.

The SFC scan is clear - please run a new CheckSUR scan/install and post the new CheckSUR.log file

That's also clear (surprisingly!)

Go ahead and see how Windows Update behaves now.
Do a new Check for Updates, then attempt to install ONLY the oldest found update.

What happens?