Unable to install updates - error codes 8e5e03fb, 9e5e03fa, 80070490

OK - post the new Windowsupdate.log file, please.

Try uninstalling KB3045999 - what happens?

Please post a new set of logs (SFC and CheckSUR) - something may have changed

Good - SFC found nothing new, at least.
The background data in the CBS log shows the following repeating error sequence...

Code:

2015-07-14 09:39:14, Info                  CBS    Perf: Resolve chain started.
2015-07-14 09:39:14, Info                  CSI    000001d7@2015/7/14:06:39:14.457 CSI Transaction @0x1597930 initialized for deployment engine {d16d444c-56d8-11d5-882d-0080c847b195} with flags 00000002 and client id [78]"TI1.30457343_3345500781:2/Package_for_KB2990214~31bf3856ad364e35~x86~~6.1.1.38"

2015-07-14 09:39:14, Info                  CBS    Failed call to CryptCATAdminAddCatalog. [HRESULT = 0x8e5e03fb - JET_errPageNotInitialized]
2015-07-14 09:39:14, Info                  CBS    Failed to install catalog file \\?\C:\Windows\SoftwareDistribution\Download\023e6a375a7a7fa0913aac52a647669b\Package_7_for_KB2990214~31bf3856ad364e35~x86~~6.1.1.38.cat for package [HRESULT = 0x8e5e03fb - JET_errPageNotInitialized]
2015-07-14 09:39:14, Info                  CBS    Failed to install catalog for package: Package_7_for_KB2990214~31bf3856ad364e35~x86~~6.1.1.38 [HRESULT = 0x8e5e03fb - JET_errPageNotInitialized]
2015-07-14 09:39:14, Info                  CBS    Failed to stage package manifest. [HRESULT = 0x8e5e03fb - JET_errPageNotInitialized]
2015-07-14 09:39:14, Info                  CBS    Failed to add package. [HRESULT = 0x8e5e03fb - JET_errPageNotInitialized]
2015-07-14 09:39:14, Info                  CBS    Failed to persist package: Package_7_for_KB2990214~31bf3856ad364e35~x86~~6.1.1.38. [HRESULT = 0x8e5e03fb - JET_errPageNotInitialized]
2015-07-14 09:39:14, Info                  CBS    Failed to update states and store all resolved packages. [HRESULT = 0x8e5e03fb - JET_errPageNotInitialized]
2015-07-14 09:39:14, Info                  CSI    000001d8@2015/7/14:06:39:14.631 CSI Transaction @0x1597930 destroyed
2015-07-14 09:39:14, Info                  CBS    Perf: Resolve chain complete.
2015-07-14 09:39:14, Info                  CBS    Failed to resolve execution chain. [HRESULT = 0x8e5e03fb - JET_errPageNotInitialized]
2015-07-14 09:39:14, Error                 CBS    Failed to process single phase execution. [HRESULT = 0x8e5e03fb - JET_errPageNotInitialized]
2015-07-14 09:39:14, Info                  CBS    WER: Generating failure report for package: Package_for_KB2990214~31bf3856ad364e35~x86~~6.1.1.38, status: 0x8e5e03fb, failure source: Resolve, start state: Resolved, target state: Staged, client id: WindowsUpdateAgent

A reset of Windows Update is supposed to fix the above errors...
See this Tutorial - work through the options one at a time, testing WU after each one (and a reboot before and after the test!)
Windows Update - Reset