You don't have issues with your disk as you said you run/ran SeaTools & check disk (chkdsk) without issues being reported.
The issues are registry errors, way too many to try to correct manually.
The entries appear to all be related to multiple-language packs, from what I can see, every language pack available from M$. Did you intentionally install them?
This is from your most distant cbs cab. The beginning of the plethora or registry errors.
Code:
2018-08-14 22:45:22, Info CBS Appl: detect Parent, Package: Package_for_KB4344152~31bf3856ad364e35~amd64~~6.1.1.1, Parent: Microsoft-Windows-NetFx3-OC-Package~31bf3856ad364e35~amd64~en-US~6.1.7601.17514, Disposition = Detect, VersionComp: EQ, ServiceComp: EQ, BuildComp: EQ, DistributionComp: GE, RevisionComp: GE, Exist: present
2018-08-14 22:45:22, Info CBS Appl: detectParent: package: Package_for_KB4344152~31bf3856ad364e35~amd64~~6.1.1.1, no parent found, go absent
And this is from the CheckSUR.log
Code:
(f) CBS Watchlist Package Missing 0x80070002 Microsoft-Windows-NetFx3-OC-Package~31bf3856ad364e35~amd64~en-US~0.0.0.0 Package_for_KB2943357~31bf3856ad364e35~amd64~~6.1.1.3 Package registry presence failed, possibly an orphaned package on package watchlist
(f) CBS Watchlist Package Missing 0x80070002 Microsoft-Windows-NetFx3-OC-Package~31bf3856ad364e35~amd64~en-US~0.0.0.0 Package_for_KB2943357_SP1~31bf3856ad364e35~amd64~~6.1.1.3 Package registry presence failed, possibly an orphaned package on package watchlist
(f) CBS Watchlist Package Missing 0x80070002 Microsoft-Windows-NetFx3-OC-Package~31bf3856ad364e35~amd64~en-US~0.0.0.0 Package_5_for_KB2943357~31bf3856ad364e35~amd64~~6.1.1.3 Package registry presence failed, possibly an orphaned package on package watchlist
(f) CBS Watchlist Package Missing 0x80070002 Microsoft-Windows-NetFx3-OC-Package~31bf3856ad364e35~amd64~en-US~0.0.0.0 Package_6_for_KB2943357~31bf3856ad364e35~amd64~~6.1.1.3 Package registry presence failed, possibly an orphaned package on package watchlist
(f) CBS Watchlist Package Missing 0x80070002 Microsoft-Windows-NetFx3-OC-Package~31bf3856ad364e35~amd64~en-US~0.0.0.0 Package_7_for_KB2943357~31bf3856ad364e35~amd64~~6.1.1.3 Package registry presence failed, possibly an orphaned package on package watchlist
(f) CBS Watchlist Package Missing 0x80070002 Microsoft-Windows-NetFx3-OC-Package~31bf3856ad364e35~amd64~en-US~0.0.0.0 Package_8_for_KB2943357~31bf3856ad364e35~amd64~~6.1.1.3 Package registry presence failed, possibly an orphaned package on package watchlist
(f) CBS Watchlist Package Missing 0x80070002 Microsoft-Windows-NetFx3-OC-Package~31bf3856ad364e35~amd64~en-US~0.0.0.0 Package_for_KB2973112~31bf3856ad364e35~amd64~~6.1.1.0 Package registry presence failed, possibly an orphaned package on package watchlist
(f) CBS Watchlist Package Missing 0x80070002 Microsoft-Windows-NetFx3-OC-Package~31bf3856ad364e35~amd64~en-US~0.0.0.0 Package_for_KB2973112_SP1~31bf3856ad364e35~amd64~~6.1.1.0 Package registry presence failed, possibly an orphaned package on package watchlist
(f) CBS Watchlist Package Missing 0x80070002 Microsoft-Windows-NetFx3-OC-Package~31bf3856ad364e35~amd64~en-US~0.0.0.0 Package_2_for_KB2973112~31bf3856ad364e35~amd64~~6.1.1.0 Package registry presence failed, possibly an orphaned package on package watchlist