Perform the following steps to install Internet Explorer 10.
Step 1:
Place the computer in Clean boot state.
You can start Windows by using a minimal set of drivers and startup programs. This kind of startup is known as a "clean boot." A clean boot helps eliminate software conflicts.
To set the computer in clean boot, follow the steps from the link: How to perform a clean boot
Note: After checking in clean boot, follow step: 3 from the article to reset the computer to normal boot.
Step 2:
Install the prerequisites manually before installing Internet Explorer 10.
Refer to the link “How to obtain prerequisite updates for Internet Explorer 10 for Windows 7 that fail to install” to install prerequisite for Internet Explorer 10.
Step 3:
Download and install Internet Explorer 10 manually from Microsoft download centre and then check if you are able to install it.
You can download Internet Explorer 10 from this link “Download Internet Explorer 10”.
Step 4:
After installing Internet Explorer 10, reset the computer to Normal boot.
Follow step: 3 from the link “How to perform a clean boot” to reset the computer to normal boot.
I hope this helps you to fix the issue. If the issue persists or you have any other issues with Windows, please do post it in Microsoft Community. We would be happy to help you.