Run a manual Windows Update from the Start menu or Control Panel.
Are there other updates offered in Windows Update besides IE 10 and Platform Update?
Untick both IE 10 and Platform Update and install everything else.
You could hide them unitl all other WU are installed, then restore hidden updates.
Restart the machine
Run Disk cleanup as administrator on the C: drive (type clean in the start menu and right click ...run as administrator)
You should have the option to clean Windows Updates (it only removes superceded updates)
--> If not then either the WU wasn't install or there are no updates to clean.
Tick anythng that shows > 0
Repeat this until only IE 10 and Paltform update are offered.
Manually run WU check for updates
Untick both IE 10 and Platform Update and install everything else.
When only the two updates are offered, try to install the Platform update only
Then restart and manually check for updates, try to get IE 10.
No joy?
You might look at manually getting the pre-reqs here:
How to obtain prerequisite updates for Internet Explorer 10 for Windows 7 SP1 that fail to install
see section: Updates for Windows 7 SP1 and Windows Server 2008 R2 SP1
Note: 2670838 is the platform update, I'd run it again even if WU gave it to you above..but it should say already installed
There might be a certificate time date stamp issue for 9C59 where KB731771 resolves it.
The other option I can think of is to download the pkg and install from the local msi
Download Internet Explorer 10 from Official Microsoft Download Center
Choose the bitwise (x86 or x64 - it should detect your system) and language
