I'll try, anyhow :)
Here's the major error from the CBS.log file - CheckSUR was clear...
Code:
2014-04-25 11:35:02, Info CSI 0000032f Couldn't find the hash of component: Microsoft-Windows-IE-InternetExplorer, Version = 11.2.9600.17041, pA = PROCESSOR_ARCHITECTURE_AMD64 (9), Culture neutral, VersionScope = 1 nonSxS, PublicKeyToken = {l:8 b:31bf3856ad364e35}, Type neutral, TypeName neutral, PublicKey neutral in the catalog [l:192{96}]"\SystemRoot\WinSxS\Catalogs\854a4fa1015dcfe133f699224ddaf8184bc76218d56440730bb5bcbf88d59ade.cat".
2014-04-25 11:35:02, Error CSI 00000330@2014/4/25:15:35:02.968 (F) d:\win7sp1_gdr\base\wcp\componentstore\csd_winners.cpp(1302): Error 80092004 [Warning,Facility=FACILITY_NTSSPI,Code=8196 (0x2004)] originated in function CCSDirectTransaction::AddImplicationsToCatalogsAndVerifyComponentHashes expression: (null)
[gle=0x80004005]
2014-04-25 11:35:06, Error CSI 00000331 (F) 80092004 [Warning,Facility=FACILITY_NTSSPI,Code=8196 (0x2004)] #6757847# from CCSDirectTransaction::PrepareForCommit(...)[gle=0x90092004]
2014-04-25 11:35:06, Error CSI 00000332 (F) 80092004 [Warning,Facility=FACILITY_NTSSPI,Code=8196 (0x2004)] #6757846# from CCSDirectTransaction::ExamineTransaction(...)[gle=0x90092004]
2014-04-25 11:35:06, Error CSI 00000333 (F) 80092004 [Warning,Facility=FACILITY_NTSSPI,Code=8196 (0x2004)] #6757845# from CCSDirectTransaction_IRtlTransaction::ExamineTransaction(...)[gle=0x90092004]
2014-04-25 11:35:06, Error CSI 00000334 (F) CRYPT_E_NOT_FOUND #6757597# from Windows::COM::CPendingTransaction::IStorePendingTransaction_Analyze(...)[gle=0x80092004]
2014-04-25 11:35:06, Error CSI 00000335 (F) CRYPT_E_NOT_FOUND #6757074# from Windows::ServicingAPI::CCSITransaction::ICSITransaction_Commit(Flags = 38 (0x00000026), pSink = NULL, disp = 0, coldpatching = FALSE)[gle=0x80092004]
2014-04-25 11:35:06, Error CSI 00000336 (F) CRYPT_E_NOT_FOUND #6757073# 4681970 us from Windows::ServicingAPI::CCSITransaction_ICSITransaction::Commit(flags = 0x00000026, pSink = NULL, disp = 0)
[gle=0x80092004]
2014-04-25 11:35:06, Error CBS Exec: Failed to commit CSI transaction to resolve execution chain. [HRESULT = 0x80092004 - CRYPT_E_NOT_FOUND]
2014-04-25 11:35:06, Info CSI 00000337@2014/4/25:15:35:06.453 CSI Transaction @0x12aee30 destroyed
2014-04-25 11:35:06, Info CBS Perf: Resolve chain complete.
2014-04-25 11:35:06, Info CBS Failed to resolve execution chain. [HRESULT = 0x80092004 - CRYPT_E_NOT_FOUND]
2014-04-25 11:35:06, Error CBS Failed to process single phase execution. [HRESULT = 0x80092004 - CRYPT_E_NOT_FOUND]
This implies corruption in the COMPONENTS registry hive.
I need to have a look at your COMPONENTS registry hive
Please copy the C:\Windows\System32\config\COMPONENTS file (no extension) to your desktop and then compress it - upload the compressed file to your favoured fileshare site (preferably Dropbox or OneDrive) and post a link.