Your USB ports are all connected to one controller on the motherboard - usually part of the Southbridge chipset.
There is normally a setting in the BIOS that allows you to enable or disable that controller. You might look into that first.
There is also a driver that runs the USB controller. You can try reinstalling that driver to test. This can be done by "Removing" all the devices listed under USB in Device Manager and then restarting the computer.
And then there is the possibility that the controller chip or the Southbridge chip itself has be damaged. This can happen on motherboards with poor ElectroStaticProtection circuits where a static spark from handling the USB plug fries the circuit.
My Computer
At a glance
Windows 7 64 Bit Home Premium SP1i7-3820GSkill F3-14900CL9Q - 16GBEVGA GeForce GTX660 - Driver 352.86
Computer type
PC/Desktop
Computer Manufacturer/Model Number
Home Built - Jan 2013
OS
Windows 7 64 Bit Home Premium SP1
CPU
i7-3820
Motherboard
Asus P9X79-PRO - Bios 4608
Memory
GSkill F3-14900CL9Q - 16GB
Graphics Card(s)
EVGA GeForce GTX660 - Driver 352.86
Sound Card
On board Realtek ALC898
Monitor(s) Displays
Acer S271HL
Screen Resolution
1920 x 1080
Hard Drives
#1- Samsung 840 Pro Series
#2- Western Digital WD1002FAEX Sata3 Black
#3- Western Digital WD1002FAEX Sata3 Black
PSU
Corsair CMPSU-850TX-V2 - 850 watt (by Seasonic)
Case
Corsair Obsidian 550D
Cooling
Standard 3 120mm case fans, Cooler Master Hyper 212 EVO
Look for a usb drive that has a light that indicates its power.thats what i used to check my faulty usb port.if it lights up but not detected then it musb be soubridga etc.if no light then port might be broken
My Computer
At a glance
Windows 7 Ultimate x86Intel Pentium D 925 @ 3.00GHz1GB DDR2 667MHzOverclocked Asus ATI Radeon X1600 Pro 512MB
Computer Manufacturer/Model Number
Packard Bell iMedia 2218 -- Has Been Running For Almost 7 Years!