Ok now this one looks to be a Ubuntu driven thing I suppose you can try it TK - if it fails to correct the problem then it might mean going to plan B - that factory default which I spoke of.
Most of the refs I have found for the Sony are power on and hold down Alt and F10 that brings up a menu of what you want to do.
Just so you can see what I mean I found this Youtube video on the process
How to Restore a Sony Vaio Laptop to Factory Settings - YouTube
As you will see there are other options so it is not just a factory default or nothing . You can now see from what this fellow says it will clear everything on the drive -
BUT you need to keep that factory default C: drive size - it is a small partition of the drive that is installed by the factory for this very purpose - when you haven't got any recovery media (disks).
Now if you go this route you can still boot from a Ubuntu disk -personally I think installing that as a dual boot is not necessary and because it is a totally different system may cause problems. I know that this takes a little longer but it will give you more drive space.
Now if you go this way then as soon as the system is up and running - make a backup rescue disk asap. The get some security on it asap then you can install some or all of the data back to the drive.
Personally I would clone the drive to an external once you have your system back up and running as you want it - if the drive goes to heaven then it is just a matter of booting from the external and clone the external back to a new drive. I know you don't know how to renew a drive but I can show you - it is easy and will save you heaps of dough at the techies
Let me know how you go - I am leaving for work shortly - late shift (hospital) but may get a chance to catch up via my laptop
Great stuff just found this now I know the model
http://www.docs.sony.com/release/VPCL2_F2_CA_CB_SB_series_QRG.pdf > look at the section re Recovering your computer it mentions the Assist button which I didn't find and an option for no Assist button - which is what I think you may need IF you are stuck after that Ubuntu fix
